Alphabetical Index
A
"The 2006 Annual Report of the
United States Intelligence Community." Director of
National Intelligence. February 2007.
Details the changes
within the Intelligence Community during Fiscal Year 2006 and the
resulting performance.
B
"Botnets, Cybercrime, and
Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress."
RL32114. January 29, 2008.
Discusses options now open to nation states, extremists, or
terrorist groups for obtaining malicious technical services from
cybercriminals to meet political or military objectives, and
describes the possible effects of coordinated cyberattack against
the U.S. critical infrastructure.
C
"Combating Nuclear Terrorism:
Federal Efforts to Respond to Nuclear and Radiological Threats and to
Protect Key Emergency Response Facilities Could Be Strengthened."
GAO-08-285T. November 15, 2007.
Discusses the benefits of using DOE's aerial background radiation
surveys to enhance emergency response capabilities and the physical
security measures in place at DOE's two key emergency response
facilities and whether they are consistent with DOE guidance.
"Combating Terrorism: Department of State Programs to
Combat Terrorism Abroad." GAO-02-1021. September 6, 2002.
Details the Department of State's myriad of programs
dedicated to preventing terrorist attacks on Americans abroad.
"Combating Terrorism: Determining and Reporting Federal
Funding Data." GAO-06-161. January 17, 2006.
Update to GAO-03-170. Discusses the methods
agencies use to determine the portion of their annual appropriations related
to combating terrorism and the status of recommendations from GAO-03-170.
"Combating Terrorism: Interagency Framework and Agency
Programs to Address the Overseas Threat." GAO-03-165. May 23, 2003.
Describes the interagency framework and policies
for planning and the coordination of federal efforts to counter international
terrorism. Identifies the relationship between and among the new national
strategies to combat terrorism. Describes the federal programs and
activities government wide to detect and prevent terrorism, disrupt and
destroy terrorist organizations, and respond to terrorist incidents
overseas. Provides detailed matrices of selected departments' programs and
activities to combat terrorism overseas.
"Combating Terrorism: Law Enforcement Agencies Lack
Directives to Assist Foreign Nations to Identify, Disrupt, and Prosecute
Terrorists." GAO-07-697. May 25, 2007.
Assesses
the guidance for Law Enforcement Agencies
to assist foreign nations to identify, disrupt, and prosecute terrorists and
the extent to which LEAs have implemented this guidance.
"Commission on the Intelligence
Capabilities of the
United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction: Establishment and
Composition." RS21758. August 23, 2006.
Analysis of the establishment and organization
requirements of the Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United
States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, and its relationship to the
Federal Advisory Committee Act.
"The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United
States." RL33388. January 25, 2007.
Documents proposed chances by Congress for the
Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, given concerns about
foreign investment when national security is concerned. The article
describes several measures, detailing two which were approved but later
lapsed with the expectation that they would be taken up again at the next
reconvening of Congress.
"Congressional Oversight of Intelligence: Current
Structure and Alternatives." RL32525. April 1, 2008.
Describes the current select committees on
intelligence and then covers the former Joint Committee on Atomic Energy.
The study also sets forth proposed characteristics for a joint committee on
intelligence, differences among these, and their pros and cons.
"Consolidating Intelligence Appropriation and
Authorization in a Single Committee: 9/11 Commission Recommendation and
Alternatives." L32659. October 29, 2004.
Discusses the 9/11 Commission's recommendation to
consolidate intelligence appropriation and authorization function in
existing intelligence authorization committees. The report takes into
account both proponents' and opponents' views.
D
“Defense Acquisition
Transformation.”
Department of Defense. July 2007.
Describes transforming the
way the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Military Departments, and the
Defense Agencies do business by focusing on the workforce, acquisition,
requirements, budget, industry and organizations.
"DHS Multi-Agency Operation Centers Would Benefit from
Taking Further Steps to Enhance Collaboration and Coordination."
GAO-07-686R. April 5, 2007.
Analyzes the role of DHS National Operations Center
and DHS component operations centers and makes recommendations regarding the
operation and coordination of these centers.
E
F
"FBI Intelligence Reform Since September 11, 2001:
Issues and Options for Congress." RL32336. August 4, 2004.
Discusses the failures of the FBI as a proactive
agency. Provides opinions of critics and supporters on the internal changes
the FBI has enacted. Reports on five options Congress has for attempting to
make the FBI more than an agency that just reacts to crime.
"FBI Reorganization: Progress Made In Efforts to
Transform, but Major Challenges Continue." GAO-03-759T. June 18,
2003.
Addresses
the FBI's progress in updating its strategic
plan; development of a strategic human capital plan; realignment of staff
resources to priority areas; reallocation of staff resources from its drug
program; efforts to recruit and hire new personnel to address critical
staffing needs; efforts to enhance its training program; and implementation
of new investigative authorities and internal controls to ensure compliance
with the revised Attorney General's Guidelines on General Crimes,
Racketeering Enterprise and Terrorism Enterprise Investigations and to help
protect individual civil liberties.
"FBI Transformation: Human Capital Strategies May
Assist the FBI in Its Commitment to Address Its Top Priorities."
GAO-04-817T. June 3, 2004.
Discusses the FBI's progress in transforming to
focus on counterterrorism and intelligence-related priorities; competition
the FBI faces from other agencies and the private sector for intelligence
staff; and human capital flexibilities that may enhance the FBI's ability to
address priorities.
"Fusion Centers: Issues and Options
for Congress." RL34070. January 18, 2008.
Discusses the issues and options Congress faces concerning Fusion
Centers and the role federal government has in supporting them.
"FY 2007 Performance and
Accountability Report." Department of Justice.
November 2007.
Provides financial and performance information for the purpose of
assessing the annual performance of the Department of Justice.
G
"Gun Control and Terrorism: FBI Could Better Manage
Firearm-Related Background Checks Involving Terrorist Watch List Records."
GAO-05-127. January 19, 2005.
Determines how many checks of the National Instant
Criminal Background Check System have resulted in valid matches with
terrorist watch list records and procedures for providing federal
counterterrorism officials relevant information from valid-match background
checks, and the extent to which the FBI monitors or audits the states'
handling of such checks.
H
"Homeland Security: DHS Improved Its
Risk-Based Grant Programs' Allocation and Management Methods, But
Measuring Program's Impact on National Capabilities Remains a
Challenge." GAO-08-488T. March 11, 2008.
Examines the process and methods used to allocate homeland security
grants to state and local governments, how DHS communicates with
states and localities in making grant allocation decisions, what
challenges affect the expeditious spending of DHS grant funds by
states and localities; and the extent that DHS measured program
outcomes as part of its efforts to monitor the expenditure of grant
dollars.
"Homeland Security: Federal Efforts
Are Helping to Address Some Challenges Faced by State and Local Fusion
Centers." GAO-08-636T. April 17, 2008.
Focuses on the characteristics of fusion centers as of September
2007 and federal efforts to help alleviate challenges centers
identified.
"Homeland Security Grants: Observations on Process DHS
Used to Allocate Funds to Selected Urban Areas." GAO-07-381R.
February 7, 2007.
Examines DHS's method of estimating relative risk
of terrorism in fiscal year 2006, DHS's process for assessing the
effectiveness of the various risk mitigation investments submitted in UASI
applications, how DHS used estimated relative risk scores and assessments of
effectiveness to allocate UASI grant funds in fiscal year 2006, and what
changes, if any, DHS plans to make in its UASI award determination process
for fiscal year 2007.
"Homeland Security Intelligence: Perceptions, Statutory
Definitions, and Approaches." RL33616. August 18, 2006.
Describes the two traditional forms of intelligence
collection - technical and non-technical - and supports HSINT as the system
that incorporates both. The report also provides a definition of Homeland
security information and a conceptual model for how to frame HSINT.
"Homeland Security: Efforts to Improve Information
Sharing Need to Be Strengthened." GAO-03-760. August 27, 2003.
Examines what initiatives have been undertaken to
improve information sharing and whether federal, state, and city official
believe that the current information-sharing process is effective.
"Homeland Security: Information Sharing
Responsibilities, Challenges, and Key Management Issues."
GAO-03-715T.
May 8, 2003.
Discusses DHS's information sharing efforts as far
as the significance of information sharing in fulfilling DHS's
responsibilities, GAO's related prior analyses and recommendations for
improving the federal government's information sharing efforts, key
management issues DHS should consider in developing and implementing
effective information sharing processes and systems.
"Homeland Security: Information Sharing Activities Face
Continued Management Challenges." GAO-02-1122T. September 23,
2002.
Review of the challenges facing homeland security
stakeholders when it comes to information sharing.
"Homeland Security: Management Challenges Facing
Federal Leadership." GAO-03-260. December 20, 2002.
Review of governmentwide changes and challenges
prevalent in the missions and activities of agencies involved in homeland
security, including the coordination and collaboration required to meet
overall goals and needs, and government's efforts in planning and
implementing strategic, transitional, and human capital activities designed
to reorganize and strengthen homeland security.
"Homeland Security: Observations on the National
Strategies Related to Terrorism." GAO-04-1075T. September 22, 2004.
Describes to what extent are elements of the
Homeland Security and Combating Terrorism strategies aligned with
recommendations issued by the 9/11 Commission; what key departments have
responsibilities for implementing the Homeland Security strategy, and what
actions have they taken to implement the strategy; and what challenges are
faced by key departments in assessing their progress towards achieving
homeland security objectives.
"Homeland Security: Opportunities Exist to Enhance
Collaboration at 24/7 Operations Centers Staffed by Multiple DHS Agencies."
GAO-07-89. October 20, 2006.
Describes DHS's 24-7, 7 days a week, 365 days a
year information gathering and analysis centers' missions, products
functions, and customers as well as assessing the extent to which DHS
efforts to promote collaboration among the multiple agencies responsible for
the center reflect key practices for enhancing and sustaining collaborative
efforts.
"House Select Committee on Intelligence: Leadership and
Assignment Limitations." RS22123. April 25, 2005.
Identifies House rules, Republican Conference
rules, and Democratic Caucus rules that affect the make up of he Permanent
Select Committee on Intelligence.
"Human Capital: DHS Personnel System Design Effort
Provides for Collaboration and Employee Participation." GAO-03-1099.
September 30, 2003.
Describes the process DHS has in place to design
its human capital system and involve employees and analyzes the extent to
which this process reflects elements of successful transformations.
I
"Information Security: Despite Reported Progress,
Federal Agencies Need to Address Persistent Weaknesses." GAO-07-837.
July 27, 2007.
Discusses the adequacy and effectiveness of
agencies' information security policies and practices and agencies'
implementation of FISMA requirements.
"Information Security: FBI Needs to Address Weaknesses
in Critical Network." GAO-07-368. April 30, 2007.
Summarizes the weaknesses in information security
controls in one of the FBI's law enforcement and investigative information
critical networks.
"Information Sharing Environment:
Definition of the Results to Be Achieved in Improving Terrorism-Related
Information Sharing Is Needed to Guide Implementation and Assess
Progress." GAO-08-492. June 2008.
Report on (1) what actions have been taken to guide the design and
implementation of the Information Sharing Environment (ISE), an
approach for the sharing of terror-related information among
government, private sector, and foreign stakeholders, and (2) what
efforts have been made to report progress in implementing the ISE.
GAO recommends that the Program Manager and stakeholders (1) more
fully define the scope and results to be achieved by the ISE and (2)
develop a comprehensive set of performance measures that show the
extent to which the ISE has been implemented and sharing improved.
"Information Sharing: The Federal Government Needs to
Establish Policies and Processes for Sharing-Terrorism-Related and Sensitive but
Unclassified Information." GAO-06-385. March 17, 2006.
Examines the status of efforts to establish
government-wide information sharing policies and processes as required by
the Homeland Security Act of 2002 and the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism
Act of 2004 and examines the universe of sensitive but unclassified
designation used by agencies and their related policies and procedures.
"Information Technology: FBI Has Largely Staffed Key
Modernization Program, but Strategic Approach to Managing Program's Human
Capital Is Needed." GAO-07-19. October 16, 2006.
Addresses the issue of whether the FBI is
adequately providing for Sentinel's human capital needs.
"Information Technology: Foundational Steps Being Taken
to Make Needed FBI Systems Modernization Management Improvements."
GAO-04-842. September 10, 2004.
Examines the FBI's 3 year plan to modernize its IT
systems and determines if the FBI has an integrated plan for the
modernization and effective policies and procedures governing the management
of IT human capital, systems acquisition, and investment selection and
control.
"Information Technology: Major Federal Networks That
Support Homeland Security Functions." GAO-04-375. September 10, 2004.
Identifies and describes major networks and
examples of applications that federal agencies consider important in
supporting their homeland security functions.
"Information Technology: Management
Improvement Needed on the Department of Homeland Security's Next
Generation Information Sharing System." GAO. July
11, 2008.
A
briefing discussing the status of current HSIN system, which the
department has stopped improving. DHS is in the process of
acquiring a replacement system, but has yet to implement the
management controls essential to effectively manage the HSIN Next
Gen acquisition. As a result, GAO recommends that program
management controls are strengthened by staffing the program office
appropriately, identifying staff roles and responsibilities,
ensuring all requirements are gathered, analyzed, and validated,
developing and implementing a requirements change control process,
and ensuring effective risk management by identifying all key risks
surrounding the project and developing risk mitigation plans and
completion milestones.
"Information Technology: Numerous Federal Networks Used
to Support Homeland Security Need to Be Better Coordinated with Key State and
Local Information-Sharing." GAO-07-455. April 16, 2007.
Identifies DHS and DOJ networks and Internet-based
system applications that support homeland security. Determines if there is
coordination between DHS's Homeland Security Information Network and state
and local information-sharing initiatives. Assesses coordination between DHS
and two state and local initiatives of the Regional Information Sharing
System.
"Information Technology: Terrorist Watch Lists Should
Be Consolidated to Promote Better Integration and Sharing."
GAO-03-322.
April 15, 2003.
Identifies federal databases and systems that
contain watch lists; the agencies that maintain and use them in protecting
our nations borders; the kind of data they contain; whether federal agencies
are sharing information fro these lists with each other and with state and
local governments and private organizations; the structural characteristics
of those lists that are automated; and whether opportunities exist to
consolidate these watch lists.
"Intelligence and Information-Sharing Elements of S. 4
and H.R. 1." RL34061. June 26, 2007.
A comparison of bills S.4 and H.R.1, in their
measures regarding information and intelligence sharing.
"Intelligence Estimates: How Useful to Congress?."
RL33733. November 21, 2006.
Describes the sometimes faulty nature of National
Intelligence Estimates, while providing examples of incidents where they
were particularly inaccurate (Iraq's WMD).
"Intelligence Issues for Congress."
RL33539.
April 1, 2008.
Issues Congress has to deal with when it comes to
information sharing are wasted funding on intelligence collection systems,
lack of foreign language speakers, the need for better analysis and human
intelligence, and institutional and procedural issues between agencies.
"Intelligence Reform: GAO Can Assist
the Congress and the Intelligence Community on Management Reform
Initiatives." GAO-08-413T. February 29, 2008.
Highlights governmentwide issues where GAO has made a major
contribution to oversight and could assist the intelligence and
other congressional committees in their oversight of the
Intelligence Community, and comment on the potential impact on GAO's
access to perform audit work on personnel security clearances if the
Office of the Director of National Intelligence were to assume
management of this issue from the Office of Management and Budget.
"Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of
2004: "Lone Wolf" Amendment to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act."
RS22011. December 19, 2006.
The definition of "an agent of foreign power" has
been expanded to include any non-US citizen who is involved with
terrorism-related activities.
"Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of
2004: National Standards for Drivers' Licenses, Social Security Cards, and Birth
Certificates." RL32722. January 6, 2005.
Details legislation on regulating forms of personal
identification in an effort to minimize identify theft and terrorism. The
report also points out weaknesses and holes in theft prevention within the
legislation.
"Intelligence Reform Implementation at the Federal
Bureau of Investigation: Issues and Options for Congress."
RL33033.
August 16, 2005.
Analyzes the FBI's overall intelligence reform
effort in the field, which is for most not effective, and suggests
several options for Congress in addressing FBI Intelligence Reform.
"Intelligence Spending: Public Disclosure Issues."
94-261. Feb 15, 2007.
Describes the history of secrecy surrounding the
budgets of Intelligence offices. Highlights the pros and cons of releasing
the information to the public (terrorists exploiting areas of lower funding,
etc.) and notes recent legislation that would make some information
available (S.372).
"Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR)
Programs: Issues for Congress." RL32508. February 22, 2005.
As ISR accounts for the majority of intelligence
spending, Congress has brought up concerns over duplication of efforts,
excessive costs, and gaps in coverage of ISR systems. They have recently
passed measures requiring the Defense Department to create a plan to guide the
development of ISR systems over then next 15 years.
"IRS and Terrorist-Related Information Sharing."
GAO-03-50R. October 21, 2002.
Describes the IRS's efforts to enhance the security
of the tax filing process in order to study how terrorists-related
information is shared with IRS.
J
K
L
M
"Managing Sensitive Information: DOD Can More
Effectively Reduce the Risk of Classification Errors."
GAO-06-706.
June 30, 2006.
Examines whether the DOD's information security
management program effectively minimizes the risk of national security
information misclassification; whether DOD personnel follow procedures for
classifying information; the reliability of DOD's annual estimate of its
number of classification decisions; and the the likelihood of DOD's meeting
automatic declassification deadlines.
"Managing Sensitive Information: DOJ Needs a More
Complete Staffing Strategy for Managing Classified Information and a Set of
Internal Controls for Other Sensitive Information." GAO-07-83.
October 20, 2006.
Examines DOJ's and FBI's progress in implementing
recommendations from the National Archives' Information Security Oversight
Office (ISOO) and the management controls DOJ components have to ensure the
proper use of sensitive but unclassified designations.
"Maritime Security: Information-Sharing Efforts Are
Improving." GAO-06-933T. July 10, 2006.
Update to GAO-05-394: The new interagency
operational centers are working well, and new guidance in field offices has
increased the amount of security clearance applications being completed.
"Maritime Security: New Structures Have Improved
Information Sharing, but Security Clearance Processing Requires Further
Attention." GAO-05-394. April 15, 2005.
Though the Coast Guard has made major strides in
the creation of maritime security committees which share information and
interagency operational centers, their main problems involve educating the
people on the committees about applying for federal security clearances, as few
of have completed the required paperwork. Updated in GAO-06-933T.
N
"The National Counterintelligence
Strategy of the United States of America." National
Counterintelligence Executive. 2007.
Elaborates on the fundamental responsibility of U.S.
intelligence to warn of and help prevent terrorist attacks against
the homeland, engage other asymmetric threats, and provide reliable
intelligence on traditional and enduring strategic issues.
"The National Counterterrorism Center: Implementation
Challenges and Issues for Congress."
RL32816. March 24, 2005.
Outlines the similarities and differences between
E.O. 13354, The National Counterterrorism Center - established the NCTC -
and the P.L. 108-458, Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of
2004.
“National Infrastructure Protection
Plan.” U.S.
Department of Homeland Security. 2006.
Details plans for a safer,
more secure America by enhancing protection of the nation’s critical
infrastructure and strengthening national preparedness in the event of another
terrorist attack, natural disaster, or other emergency.
"The National Intelligence Strategy
of the United States of America." Office of the
Director of National Intelligence. October 2005.
Outlines the fifteen strategic objectives the Intelligence Community
will be taking part in to integrate the different enterprises
within the community in order that the community as a whole should
become more effective in its mission.
“National Military Strategy to
Combat WMD.” Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
February 13, 2006.
Discusses the guiding principles,
strategic military framework, ends, ways , mean, and enablers that the U.S.
Military will use to combat Weapons of Mass Destruction.
“Nationwide Plan Review: Phase 2
Report.” U.S.
Department of Homeland Security. June 16, 2006.
Details the status of catastrophic
planning in the States, Territories, and urban areas across the United States.
“National Response Plan.”
Department of Homeland
Security. December 2004.
Details DHS’s
domestic incident management plan.
"The National Security Council: An
Organizational Assessment." RL30840. April 21,
2008.
An assessment of the
National Security Council which was created as an inter-departmental
body to offer confidential advice to the President on all aspects of
national security policy and has emerged as a major factor in the
formulation and implementation of that policy.
O
"ODNI Progress Report - WMD
Commission Recommendations." Office of the Director of
National Intelligence. July 27, 2006.
"Organizing the U.S. Government for
National Security: Overview of the Interagency Reform Debates."
RL34455. April 18, 2008.
Helps to frame the emerging debates surrounding National Security
Interagency Reform by taking note of the leading advocates for
change, highlighting identified shortcomings in key elements of the
current system, and describing categories of emerging proposals for
change.
"An
Overview of the United States Intelligence Community."
Office of the Director of National Intelligence. 2007.
Provides and overview of the Central Intelligence Agency, Defense
Intelligence Agency, Department of Energy: Office of Intelligence
and Counterintelligence, Department of Homeland Security: Office of
Intelligence and Analysis, Department of State: Bureau of
Intelligence and Research, Department of the Treasury: Office of
Intelligence and Analysis, Drug Enforcement Administration: Office
of National Security Intelligence, Federal Bureau of Investigation:
National Security Branch, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency,
National Reconnaissance Office, National Security Agency, United
States Air Force, United States Army, United States Coast Guard,
United States Marine Corps, and Unites States Navy.
P
"Proposals for Intelligence Reorganization, 1949-2004."
RL32500. September 24, 2007.
Describes historical changes and proposed changes
to the US Intelligence Community over the past five decades, what spurred
them, and how they affected the Intelligence community.
Q
R
"Report on the Progress of the
Director of National Intelligence in Implementing the 'Intelligence
Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004.'" Office
of the Director of National Intelligence. May 2006.
S
"Sharing Law Enforcement and Intelligence Information:
The Congressional Role." RL33873. February 13, 2007.
Discusses the history of legal prevention of law
enforcement information sharing and the recent difficulties of Congress in
finding a middle ground in between protecting civil liberties and preventing
terrorism and crime.
"Strategic Counterintelligence:
Protecting America in the 21st Century." National
Counterintelligence Executive. Joel F. Brenner October 24, 2007.
Remarks by Joel F.
Brenner, National Counterintelligence Executive at the NRO/National
Military Intelligence Association.
T
"Terrorism
and Security Issues Facing the Water
Infrastructure Sector."
CRS. January 5, 2005.
Presents an overview of the nation's water supply and water quality
infrastructure; describes security-related actions by the government
and private sector since September 11; and discusses additional
policy issues and responses, including congressional interest.
"Terrorist Financing: Better Strategic Planning Needed
to Coordinate U.S. Efforts to Deliver Counter-Terrorism Financing Training and
Technical Assistance Abroad." GAO-06-19. October 24, 2005.
Provides an overview of U.S. government efforts to
combat terrorist financing abroad and examines U.S. government efforts to
coordinate training and technical assistance, while examining specific
accountability issues faced by the Treasury Department in blocking
terrorist's assets held under U.S. jurisdiction.
"Terrorist Watch List Screening: Efforts to Help Reduce
Adverse Effects on the Public." GAO-06-1031. September 29, 2006.
Addresses the extent to with the numbers of people
misidentified as person on the FBI's Terrorist Screening Center's watch list
are known and how they could be affected; the major reasons
misidentifications occur and the actions agencies are taking to reduce them
or minimize their effects; and the opportunities for redress available to
individuals with watch list-related concerns.
U
"United States Intelligence
Community 500 Day Plan for Integration and Collaboration."
Office of the Director of National Intelligence. October 10, 2007.
Details a plan which seeks to enable the Intelligence Community to
work as a single, integrated enterprise that can collaborate across
critical missions, enhance support to a wide range of customers and
partners, contribute to national security priorities, and reduce the
risks that the nation faces today and in the future.
"The U.S. Intelligence Community's
Five Year Strategic Human Capital Plan." Office of the
Director of National Intelligence. June 22, 2006.
"Unclassified Report to Congress on
the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction
and Advanced Conventional Munitions." Office of the
Director of National Intelligence. January 1 - December 31, 2004.
Reports on the acquisition by foreign countries of dual-use and
other technology useful for the development or production of weapons
of mass destruction (including nuclear weapons, chemical weapons,
and biological weapons) and advanced conventional munitions and
trends in the acquisition of such technology by such countries.
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